Common Stock Essay

Question 1.1. (TCO D) Which of the following statements concerning common stock and the investment banking process is NOT CORRECT? (a) The preemptive right gives each existing common stockholder the right to purchase his or her proportionate share of a new stock issue. (b) If a firm sells 1,000,000 new shares of Class B stock, the transaction occurs in the primary market. (c) Listing a large firm’s stock is often considered to be beneficial to stockholders because the increases in liquidity and reputation probably outweigh the additional costs to the firm. (d) Stockholders have the right to elect the firm’s directors, who in turn select the officers who manage the business. If stockholders are dissatisfied with management’s performance, an outside group may ask the stockholders to vote for it in an effort to take control of the business. This action is called a tender offer. (e) The announcement of a large issue of new stock could cause the stock price to fall. This loss is called â€Å"market pressure,† and it is treated as a flotation cost because it is a cost to stockholders that is associated with the new issue. (Points : 20) Answer d. Question 2.2. (TCO D) The City of Charleston issued $3,000,000 of eight percent coupon, 30-year, semiannual payment, tax-exempt muni bonds 10 years ago. The bonds had 10 years of call protection, but now the bonds can be called if the city chooses to do so. The call premium would be six percent of the face amount. New 20-year, six percent, semiannual payment bonds can be sold at par, but flotation costs on this issue would be two percent of the amount of bonds sold. What is the net present value of the refunding? Note that cities pay no income taxes, hence taxes are not relevant. Answer a Question 3.3. (TCO D) New York Waste (NYW) is considering refunding a $50,000,000, annual payment, 14 percent coupon, 30-year bond issue that was issued five years ago. It has been amortizing $3 million of flotation costs on these bonds over their 30-year life. The company could sell a new issue of 25-year bonds at an annual interest rate of 11.67 percent in today’s market. A call premium of 14 percent would be required to retire the old bonds, and flotation costs on the new issue would amount to $3 million. NYW’s marginal tax rate is 40 percent. The new bonds would be issued when the old bonds are called. The amortization of flotation costs reduces taxes, and thus provides an annual cash flow. What will the net increase or decrease in the annual flotation cost tax savings be if refunding takes place? Answer c (a) $6,480 (b) $7,200 (c) $8,000 (d) $8,800 (e) $9,680 (Points : 20)

Befr Case

The main problem that Nundies has been facing is that the store repurchase rate by companies has not met Nundies expectations. About 6% of stores placed additional units beyond the initial purchase. Additionally, online purchases are not used frequently. Another problem is that store personnel that sell Nundies, have not been suggesting or talking about Nundies to customers. Furthermore, the displays for Nundies seem to merge in with the other merchandise in the store, which has a big impact on sales.If the stores are not properly displaying the merchandise and the sales associates do not promote Nundies this will lead to a decrease in sales and impact the company from reordering Nundies, which affects Nundies overall sales and profits. II. SITUATION ANALYSIS Nundies is a single-use, disposable panty that sticks to the inseam of women’s leggings, athletic wear, shorts, and jeans. This product helps women maintain a degree of protection when they decide not to wear underwear. T he introduction of the new product â€Å"Nundies† by Advanced Materials Inc. s a transition from a foam fabricator manufacturing business to a proprietary medical and consumer products. Nundies is a true departure from the ordinary product offered by Advanced Materials, Inc. AMI manufacturing estimated that the labor and material costs to produce a single liner would only be $. 60. Three colors/package options would be produced including, black, buff and assorted. The liners would be packaged in a colorful 5-count plastic pillow package, which would cost about $. 45 per unite to produce. The wholesale price to retail store would be $7. 0 for each 5-count package. Moreover, manufacturer’s agent would be paid 12 percent commission on the wholesale price for each 5-count package sold. This agent is responsible to establish the distribution coverage among women’s boutique store and specialty shops for Nundies. Based on Nundies’ marketing research, womenâ€⠄¢s boutique and specialty shops account for the largest percentage of women’s underwear sales (30. 9%), followed by department stores (30. 7%), mass merchandise and warehouse club stores (29. 1%), and other retail outlets such as internet retailers (9. %). According to a nationwide research conducted by Nundies among 1,042 women between the ages of 18-49 revealed that: ? 84% of women would be interested in a product that would eliminate panty lines ? 81% of women said â€Å"yes† to the questions would u be interested in a product that provides hygiene and comfort, but is not underwear ? 22% of women had tried no undies as a solution for no visible panty lines. ? When women were asked if they would be interested in a garment-safe disposable, but no panty lines; 36% said â€Å"yes,† 49% said â€Å"maybe†.

Evidence Based Nursing Essay

INTRODUCTION Evidence Based Nursing or EBN is an approach to making quality decisions and providing nursing care based upon personal clinical expertise in combination with the most current,relevent research available. It is also known as evidence based practice. It is a thoughtful integration of the best available evidence coupled with the clinical expertise. TERMINOLOGIES Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guidelines:- Specific practice recommendations that are based on a methodologically rigorous review of the best evidence on a specific topic. Evidence Based Decision Making:- The integration of the best research evidence in making decisions about patient care, which should include the clinician’s expertise as well as patient preferences and values. Evidence Based Practice (EBP):- A problem solving approach to practice that involves the conscientious use of current best evidence in making decisions about patient care. Evidence Summaries:- Synthesis of studies, systematic literature review.Generalizability:- The extent to which the findings from a study can be generalized or applied to the larger population. DEFINITION Evidence Based Practice [EBP] is a problem solving approach to the delivery of health care that integrates the best evidence from studies and patient care data with clinician expertise and patient preferences and values. [Fineout-Overhott, E-2010] â€Å"Evidence Based Nursing is the incorporation of the best research evidence along with patient preferences the clinical settings and circumstances and health care resources into decisions about patient care† [Ciliska & Donna, 2006] â€Å"Evidence Based Nursing Practice is the conscientious , explicit and judicious use of theory derived, research base information in making decisions about care delivery to individuals or groups of patients and in consideration of individual needs and preferences† [Ingersoll, 2000] AIMS OF EPB To do the right thing,at the right time, for the right person, ensure quality care for client. PURPOSE Evidence based practice is to provide the highest quality and most cost effective nursing care possible. To advance quality of care provided by nurses To resolve problems in clinical settings To increases satisfaction of patient To focus on nursing practice away from habits& tradition to evidence and research IMPORTANCE OF EVIDENCE BASED NURSING PRACTICE It results in better patient outcomes. It contributes to the science of nursing. It keep practice current and relevant. It increases confidence in decision making. Policies and procedures are current and include the latest research, these supporting JCAHO readiness. Integration of EPB into nursing practice is essential for high quality patient care and achievement. COMPONENTS OF EVIDENCE BASED NURSING PRACTICE Key elements of a best practice culture are evidence based practice mentors, partnerships between academic and clinical settings, EPB champions, clearly written research, time and resources and administration support. When delivered in a context of caring and in a supportive organizational culture, evidence based practice can help to achieve the higher quality of care and best patient outcomes. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE BASED NURSING PRACTICE Primary sources of evidence:- These draw on original research findings. These sources include reports and articles about research. Secondary sources of evidences:- These draw on a range of source informing the topic of concern including. Systematic review Meta analysis Evidence based journals Clinical guidelines or protocols Cochrane collaboration Expertise opinion STEPS OF EBN Formulating a well built question Identifying articles and other evidence based resources Critical Appraisal Applying the evidence Re-evaluating the evidence Formulating the question:- A well built clinical question includes the following components The Patient’s disorder or disease Intervention or finding under review A Comparison intervention The Outcome [PICO] Applying PICO is a systematic way to identify important concepts in a case, and formulate a question for searching. Identifying Resources After successfully formulating the clinical question we need to find relevant evidence. There are generally three categories of resources. Background information Filtered resources Unfiltered resources Background information:- This category contains resources that provide background information about various disease conditions and clinical questions. Resources include upto date and other e-books such as diagnostic examination, current diagnosis, treatment. Filtered Resources:- In fitted resources, clinical experts and subject specialists pose a question and then synthesize evidence to state conclusions based on the available research. Unfiltered Resources:- It is up to you to access the resources quality, validity and applicability to your patient. Critical Appraisal:- When approaching a study, you want to know weather it was alone well, what the results were and weather it is relevant to your patients. After identifying an article you must appraise the information critically. Applying the evidence Once you have determined that the study and its results are valid, you used to decide if it is applied to your specific patient and situation. To reach your conclusion you may consult questions related to diagnosis, therapy, harm and prognosis. Apply the evidence in the clinical setting. Re-evaluating evidence:- Last step in evidence based practice. It is reevaluation. In tis process evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of your decision in direct relation to your patient.

Exporting and Importing for a Developing Country Essay

Exporting and Importing for a Developing Country - Essay Example It is also the 24th most populous nation with at least 51 million people. The country is a multiethnic society. South Africa is a developing country, according to the standards of the CIA and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (CIA, 2013). The country’s economic position is rapidly advancing, particularly as a result of its robust trade initiatives. South Africa’s trade initiatives include major imports from and exports products to numerous countries across the globe. Some of the country’s most notable imports include motor vehicles and vehicle parts, computers and electronics and refined petroleum products. The import product selected for this paper is refined petroleum products. This selection is based on the fact that South Africa’s importation of refined petroleum products encompasses 7.4% of its entire imports. Petroleum products are vital materials that come from crude oil and are processed in oil refineries. Petroleum is converted into petroleum products that consist of an array of fuels (UN, 2010). Question 2 The Republic of South Africa is based on a constitutional democracy. The government structure encompasses three structures namely; local, provincial and national governments. South Africa is a sovereign and democratic state, which is segmented into nine provinces. Each state has its individual provincial legislature. All segments of government in South Africa derive their powers, as well as functions, from the Constitution of South Africa. The National Assembly is the supreme law-making institution of the Republic of South Africa (CIA, 2013). The National Assembly makes law applicable throughout the country and the same is also true for all legislative policies developed by the Cabinet of the National Government. Although there are sections of executive legislative competence for the National Assembly, it shares its legislative power with the country’s provincial legislatures. The Sout h African parliament consists primarily of two houses, namely, the National Council of Provinces (NCOP) and the National Assembly. The South African National Assembly is elected into office for five years and is made up of no fewer than 350 members and no more than 400 members. Members of these houses are elected in keeping with the country’s electoral system, which centers on a roll of voters who are above the age of 18 years (USTR, 2012). This results in a system characterized by proportional representation. On the other hand, the local government encompasses municipalities whose objectives include the provision of democratic and accountable government for the country’s local communities, promoting socioeconomic development and ensuring equitable provision of services to all communities. The link between the national and local government is the provincial government. South African provincial governments are subject to policies and laws established at the national lev el (CIA, 2013). However, provincial governments have the power to pass their individual policies and laws in the framework so as to suit the specific needs of the provinces. Provincial legislatures are allowed to establish their own constitutions in accordance with the provisions of the South African Constitution. A number of challenges plague the marketing of products in South Africa. Firstly, South Africa is a low yield environment, which means that the traditional income of most South Africans is quite low. This makes investors uneasy

Shot by Shot Analysis of Spielberg's Film Schindlers List Essay

Shot by Shot Analysis of Spielberg's Film Schindlers List - Essay Example The sub-sequence starts with the perceiving of the girl that wore a red coat. Oskar’s apathy towards the mistreatment of the humanity all around him in his quest for success and money, this sequence witnesses the liquidation of the Jewish ghetto by Oskar and his mistress the previous sequences tell of Oskar’s detachment and anger at the sight of him being exposed to the Jewish workers and their pathetic plight. Sequence 42 remarks a turning point for Oskar. This sequence begins his program as a savior. It is from this point, in the entire film, where the variation of the real events takes a new and desperate tone. Sequence 42, the final sequence of this series, shows the brutality by the SS to their desperate victims. It escalates to the introduction of the girl in a red coat who now becomes an exclusive entity in the whole film. Shot Breakdown This subsequence, called the Outside of Ghetto, begins after Oskar caught sight of R as she threaded her way through some unspe akable atrocities while she makes her way to the hiding stop finds, in the ghetto. Oskar tracks her and follows her as she made her way around some certain death situations. This sequence concludes when R finally made her way through violence and the crowd (Keneally and Nancy 30). Shot (1) 6 seconds: The camera located at a high angle is from Oskar’s horseback, which is on top of a hill. This distance and angle are to bring out the feeling of the vast distance and the helplessness. Left at the center frame is R, who transverses along the street on a straight line; the street itself is in a diagonal form. R moves from the bottom left end of the frame, and a building framed in the foreground obstructs her. She moves to the next obstruction that is in the other foreground building, which is on the right side of the screen (Zaillian and Thomas 15). She boxes her tiny body in a V shape effectively; this brings out the appearance of a building facade that is running parallel to the street. People fling to the walls by the SS and lineup on the wall at the SS, through suitcases carelessly on the street as cars pass. This shot has a medium gray scale and has an accompanying wet ground that brings out the overcast nature of the day. The background music is slow and is a procession of a choral children’s song that lends a trudging and forlorn quality to the tiny march (Zaillian and Thomas 18). Shot (2) eight seconds: The camera’s angle is a low angle of Oskar that forms a vector of his gaze; this should give the effect of showing how high he is above the sequence. The angle frames the character up against the sky and the gray scale used to give a contrast of the different worlds involved. The trees on the background are bare, and the sky is overcast. This informs the spectator that the day is not only wet but also cold, as well. Oskar has an intense look on his face. This happens when he struggles to get his mount into a strong position that will ena ble him to see R. The children’s chorus still heard, in the background, and there is the sound of the hooves and the neighing of the horses, but not above the sound of music. The sounds of the fracas can still be heard to provide some continuity among the shots (Keneally and Nancy 36). Shot (3) 21 sec: ELS is tracking R, while making her way right and left through trees, running soldiers, and G’

IT 4076 Evaluation and Risk Assessment Research Paper

IT 4076 Evaluation and Risk Assessment - Research Paper Example All organizations are exposed to threats and vulnerabilities that have adversarial impacts on the companies’ operations. Information security professionals have the responsibility of helping the organizations’ management boards to comprehend and control these uncertainties. Threats Threats are the sources and means of particular types of attacks. Threat analysis enables information security experts to determine the most appropriate approaches of securing systems against systems attacks. Security professionals perform penetration-testing exercises to identify threat profiles, develop effective countermeasures against threats and mitigate all earlier signs of threats (Kaiya, Sakai, Ogata & Kaijiri, 2013). The primary focus of threat analysis should be on analyzing the resources of the attackers. It is crucial for all organizations to analyze threats to help them develop specific security policies, which they can implement together with policy priorities and comprehend imp lementation needs for securing organizational resources. Information security threats include accidental disclosure, alteration of software, electrical disruption, acts of nature, and telecommunication malfunction. Vulnerabilities Vulnerabilities are the security flaws that allow a threat attack to be successful in a system. Corporate organizations and private businesses should do vulnerability testing to resolve the vulnerabilities and provide data required to identify unexpected perils to information security. The management boards should realize that such vulnerabilities do not particularly belong to technology class, but also apply to social factors, for example, personal authentication and authorization policies. Vulnerability testing is of paramount importance in maintaining ongoing security and allows the professional responsible for security of the company’s resources to respond to new dangers as they arise (Kevin, Hackney & Edgar, 2010). Testing for vulnerabilities i s also invaluable in developing policy and technology and as part of the technology selection process. It is crucial for buyers to do effective vulnerability tests in order to select the right technology that can save time, money and other costs of business operations. My Encounter with an Information Security Threat I am the Managing Director a telecommunication company that offers postpaid communication services to the residents of Silicon Valley. Recently, I have realized that the costs of making calls were increasing abnormally among the callers. I communicated to my customers and requested from them some information concerning their communication expenditures. I found out that my customers were not really consuming these huge amounts of airtime to make calls. The information security professional made a follow-up and found out that there was massive phreaking and eavesdropping. Hackers were stealing services and using them while passing the costs of making calls to my customers . It was also found that these hackers had stolen credentials and contact information of my customers, which allowed them to control their voice calls, calling plans, billing information and call forwarding. Information is the cornerstone of the company, and its security is of paramount i

Public Policy Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Public Policy Analysis - Research Paper Example f the federal law in achieving its objectives and aims 4) inspecting the implementation of the law’s tenets in the scenario 5) conducting an evaluation of the federal law and 6) providing recommendations for improving the scope of the federal law and enhancing its effectiveness. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 or SOX, which is also termed as the ‘Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act’ as per the Senate and known as the ‘Corporate and Auditing and Accountability and Responsibility Act’ as per the House is a federal law which was sponsored by United States Senator Paul Sarbanes (D-MD) and United States Representative Michael G. Oxley (R-OH) (Zelizer, 2002). The historical context of the Act is associated with an increase in the incidence of high-profile accounting scandals that marred several corporations across the United States namely Enron, WorldCom and Tyco International amongst several others in the period preceding the inception of the federal law and its tenets (Act, S.O, 2002). The consequences which followed the scandals that targeted key organizations across the nation greatly affected investor’s confidence in securities markets of the country and led to the incurrence of significant loss on the investor’s part which amounted to billions of dollars (Act, S.O, 2002). According to Miller and Bredeson (2009), individuals’ financial trends are characterized by their monthly income and since most individuals within the United States are unable to save on an extensive scale because of minimal salaries or working on legal minimum wage, those who are still able to retain a certain percentage of their income on a monthly basis seek to secure their savings in a reliable source. In the given situation, investing in corporate stocks to benefit from high returns appears to be a viable option that is also secure in comparison with other alternatives (Miller and Bredeson, 2009). The attractiveness of investing in corporate stocks is

Personal Learning Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Learning Management - Assignment Example This application will use a methodology known as Object Oriented Programming where each object in the system can process the data and interact with the other objects. The benefit of this methodology is that it makes re-use of data through objects. It also is a collection of interacting objects that can be reviewed at any time (Batra, 2005). This methodology is also favorable since it creates instances within the application. This means that the programmer can place the data where it is not directly accessible to the rest of it. This application is split into different modules. The use of modules ensures that changes in one module do not necessarily affect the states of the others. The systematic approach of the software development life cycle (SDLC) ensures that timelines are conserved and the quality of the application is maintained. This purpose of this program is to prompt the user to input values of leaning items. These inputs will preferably be numerical. The program should use a function to save or store the information in a local database. The economic values the user will input should correspond to the items of learning. This can only happen when constraints are created to relate these two objects in the system. When these constraints are met then the user may save the information. The user should be able to re trieve the data stored in the system through a function in the

Communication and Conflict Chapter 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication and Conflict Chapter 6 - Essay Example Second principle is that each discrete emotion serves different functions; they help us organize perception, cognitions, and actions in order to pursue attempts to cope and create. In this regard, different emotions assist us in accomplishing different tasks in resolving conflicts. Third principle is that significant personal situations are those that trigger organized patterns of emotions. In short, emotions happen in an organized manner, with one emotion regulating other emotions. Emotions interact with each other in coherent ways; this is how persons can address their conflicts, even though conflicts are highly complex and may be confusing. Emotions create an orderly response to conflicts. Fourth principle is that people develop emotion-behavior patterns as children, and build on them as they grow and mature. For instance, the crying jags of toddlers adjust to more restrained behaviours as one grows older. The fifth principle is that individual personalities are built upon blocks of emotion-behaviour patterns, and lastly, emotions trigger difficult behaviour in response to certain triggers. One misconception about emotion is that it is a hindrance to resolving conflicts. For many people, emotions are thought to be irrational, uncontrollable, and will tend to escalate they remain unexpressed. The tendency therefore is for people (who believe that emotions are a hindrance) to ignore their emotions; emotions are seen as a negative thing, a sign of weakness, and should not be expressed at work. Emotional people are thought to be out of control, so it is important to try to justify feelings logically so that they could be put in control. Many times, the expression of emotions are thought to be a burden to the listeners, so our modern rational culture tells us not to express emotions, or to avoid those who do. Moreso even, mature, well-adjusted people are misconceived to be

Poetry Essay Example for Free

Poetry Essay The poem described the speaker’s longing and hope for her happiness in life. As she raises everyday, she depicts life at its best to fulfill her joy and contentment even if she is alone. The four stanza poem discussed the character’s identity and idea towards joy and contentment in life. The speaker wants to convey to her readers that whatever circumstances they may have; it is a great start to thank God for a new day of life. The first stanza discussed the emotions of the speaker as she faces the new day. The second stanza discussed how she thanked her creator for the new beginning of challenges and happiness. The third stanza discussed how the speaker prayed for the people around her whether they are in the same race or not. The last stanza described how the earth is filled with gladness if equality and justice exist. The speaker described her prayer through this poem. It is a selfless desire to transform the earth into salvation and peace despite of all the injustices and social inequality. On the other way around, the title also described the wholeness of the poem. It serves as the identity and apparent illusion of the poem. The title of this poem showed the main idea of the poem as it reveals the attack of the poet. In conclusion to this, it can be said that the poem is too short to read and understand. The poem has simple thoughts to convey to its readers. The attack of the poet showed how prayer becomes powerful despite of all the troubles and fears of the society.

Legalizing Marijuana

Legalizing Marijuana Introduction Marijuana is also referred to as cannabis, marihuana, or ganja. Herbal form of marijuana is the most common drug, consisting of flowers and leaves which subtend and mature pistillate stalks. Cannabis history dates back to 3rd millennium B.C. In the modern world, the drug has been applied for religious, recreational, medical or spiritual purposes. UNs estimation in fiscal 2004 revealed that 4% of the adults in the world population, which entails 162million people, use marijuana yearly, while 0.6% or 22.5million use it daily (Smith 50). Marijuana illegality Marijuana use is termed to be illegal due to its addictive aspect since its rated to be a  highly abusive drug. When individuals start to abuse marijuana, they eventually become hooked up and the drug ends up dominating their lives. Marijuana has also been declared not to have an approved medical use. Although the drug has been associated with healings from glaucoma to cancer especially among the Americans, the deal has not been accepted widely enough on international grounds (Connoly 55). Such an argument has therefore rendered the medical value of marijuana an actual controversy. Similarly, use of marijuana has been associated with narcotics like heroin believed to have serious health repercussions once abused. Narcotics had been on regulation under the early antidrug laws. Marijuana has been termed to be an abnormal recreational drug, due to its links to narcotics. In addition, marijuana has been associated with hippies or losers hence rendering it unfashionable lifestyles. Impo sition of criminal sanctions to the drug possession acts as type tough love for the community. The drug has been associated with the oppressed ethnic groups. For example, within the Americans, it was associated with Mexican Americans. A ban on marijuana was therefore seen as a way of discouraging the community subcultures from developing. Similarly, court cases presented for marijuana legalisation has never been rendered appealing by the advocates. Advocates normally argue on the basis of its medical benefits, creativity promotion and moral progression among others. Particularly, that does not seem convincing since the public image of a marijuana user is that of a loser at risks of either imprisonment or arrest (Smith 194). Advantages and Disadvantages of Marijuana Marijuana has physical benefits that are widespread, long-term or far reaching. The drug is known to impact on the automatic nervous system. Such an impact expands the breadth and gives the body a relaxation. Similarly, the drug has enormous healing and health potential which have actually not been realised by the Western medicine. Opposing action of the drug is essential in balancing an individual entire system, which can be understood to be a charged equilibrium. Such a state is defined as a physiological expansion or psychological satisfaction which is responsible for our health. For example, a study by Costa Rican revealed that cancer developments are less within the smokers of chronic marijuana, considered to be cigarettes smokers as well (Smith 46). Psychologically, marijuanas balancing of the nervous system has an effect on the mind which is energising and relaxing in a simultaneous trend. This means that an individual thinking is more clear and efficient. Also, Marijuana is a ssociated to poses spiritual benefits. Normally, whatever that enlivens is perceived to be a spirit. Marijuana has been found to facilitate the search for universal core values. Together with its ability to enhance the processes of our mind plus balancing of the body, the drug also assists in the understanding of the abiding reality by enhancing an individual consciousness. However, the drug has its disadvantages. First, the drug facilitates hindrance of shorter memory such that any complex or simple tasks may be quite demanding for the addict to undertake. Similarly, drug abuses result into decayed moral behaviour among users. For example, Marijuana users can be highly involved in risky sexual behaviour such that the HIV spread will be inevitable. For students, marijuana will make learning and study hard and athletes performance maybe brought down since movements, timing or coordination will be affected is affected as well. Safe driving will also be affected since concentration, alertness, reaction time or coordination will interfere (Shohov 98). Thirdly, Combination of marijuana use and tobacco smoking will increase the risks of contracting lung diseases. Among first users, the drug can cause panic, anxiety, paranoia or feelings of Impending doom. Finally, short-term effects can also involve distortion in perception, thinking or problem solving lapses plus increased heart rate. Heart attacks are also evident among the marijuana users due to impact on the blood pressure or heart rate in addition to reduction in oxygen carrying capacity in the blood. Effects on the immune system may also reduce the ability in fighting infectious diseases or cancer. A marijuana addict may also experience anxiety, depression or personality disturbances. On pregnant women, marijuana can cause the babies born to show altered responses in visual stimuli, high pitched cries or increased tremulousness.   Lastly, long term use of marijuana can cause an addictive potential to the users. Problems Associated with marijuana Due to its illegal nature, the drug is associated with jails, courts or prison cases. Scientifically, the drug has been rated to be harmful due to its addictive value. Physiological effects are also problems linked to marijuana use which in addition entails effects on smell, taste or even sound. Distortions on depth perception can result into serious accidents when driving. The drug use has resulted to uncontrolled system in its production to guarantee consumers of a pure product through the use of doctors or pharmacist. Being an illegal product, the prices are very high causing the users to involve in criminal activities in search of good money to acquire the herb. Un-attainability caused by the high prices places the drug in the hands of the mobs, gangs or even drug lords increasing the crime rate. Legalization would mean a widespread access by the general public hence unhealthy babies will be borne due to the perceived increased consumption among mothers (Shohov 118). Health Concerns/problems Marijuana causes increased and rapid heart rate, initiating harmful irritation feelings to the respiratory airways or lungs. Cancer causing chemicals are said to be contained within the drug. Within the endocrine system, the drug triggers short term drop within the hormones responsible for development and growth (Smith 25). Similarly, sperm production is lowered among males and hormone balance is also affected, which is fully responsible in control of menstrual cycles among girls. In addition, marijuana affects the brain behavior and function since it affects the chemical balance in the brain responsible for energy, appetite, attention or normal mood. Similarly, effects are evident on the learning, memory processes concentration or forgetfulness. Lastly, marijuana has been found to cause miscarriage or still births among the pregnant women and also developmental problems to the fetus. Solutions to the problems Solutions to the problems that come by marijuana use can be achieved through legalizing the herb.   Also, public school education should be improved, investment on programs on drug treatment. Some other solutions may involve conducting and investing more time on anti-drug education within schools, encouraging more partnerships between the police and the community. In addition, increased drug interdiction efforts within the borders would also assist plus legalizing all types of drugs. Other solutions would involve revising of our common laws on the marijuana trading in order to regulate the cultivation as well as commercial aspect of the drug (Connoly 33). References Connoly, Sean. Marijuana. South Broad St, Mankato: Black Rabbit Books publishers, 2006. Smith, Sandra. Marijuana: the drug abuse prevention. Princeton, U.S.A: Rosen Pub. Group publishers, 1999. Shohov, Tatiana. Medical use of marijuana: policy, regulatory, and legal issues. London, UK: Nova Publishers, 2003.

Celebrity Endorsement on Rural Consumers

Celebrity Endorsement on Rural Consumers The celebrities in India are the role models for majority of Indians, they are so influenced by them that most of the population follows the trends of their dressing, styles and habits. This is the major reason for the companies to hire the celebrities to promote their products. The companies invest billions of to hire the celebrity for the promotion of their product. The companies believe that the celebrity changes the purchase intention of the consumers in India. The study is conducted to find out the impact of celebrity on rural consumers of Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh. In order to analyze the objective of the study the data was collected using convenience sampling from 300 respondents belonging to the randomly selected areas of Lucknow. The secondary data was collected through different sources such as- Journals, Magazines, Internet, and Newspaper etc. Null hypothesis was framed and analytical Techniques are the statistical tools that are used for analyzing the collected da ta. The frequency tables were used to represent the collected data. One sample T-test was used to test the hypothesis and ANOVA was used to calculate the significance level of impact of celebrity endorsement on rural consumers. The SPSS 17 is also used as statistical software to analyze the collected data. It is found that the Indian consumers prefer celebrities in the television commercials. Keywords Brand Building, Brand Promotion, Celebrity Endorsements, Indian Television Commercials. INTRODUCTION The celebrities in India are the role models for majority of Indians, they tries to follow their styles, clothes and their small habits. Celebrity endorsement is most acceptable and common phenomenon that companies use to attract their consumers across the world. They believe that celebrities can influence the purchasing decision of their prospect consumers as they have special places in the heart of consumer. Therefore after analyzing the degree of involvement to follow the celebrities, the companies started hiring various bollywood and sports stars for the commercial advertisements. That is why the promotional budget for advertising has taken many financial folds compared to past investments. The companies invest billions of Rupees over hiring a celebrity for their product promotion. Such endorsers are seen as dynamic with both attractive and likeable qualities and companies plan that these qualities are transferred to products via marcom activities. Furthermore, because of their f ame, celebrities serve not only to create and maintain attention but also to achieve high recall rates for marcom messages in todays highly cluttered environments. Theory and practice prove that the use of super stars in advertising generates a lot of publicity and attention from the public (Ohanian 1991). Therefore, Celebrity endorsement has been established as one of the most proffered tools of advertising. It has become a trend and perceived as a winning formula for product marketing and brand building. It is very easy to have a celebrity for a product or brand but it is very tough to establish a very strong association between the product and the endorser: because the objective is to build a brand not the celebrity: if properly matched it can do wonders for the company, but it also has a number of potential problems like failure of celebrity in his profession, controversy, etc. LITERATURE REVIEW According to McCracken (1989), a celebrity could be defined as, Any individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses this recognition when they appear in the advertisement in front of the Consumers. There are multiple roles that a celebrity spokesperson may play (and the roles may not be mutually exclusive) (Kamen, Azhari and Kragh, 1975) in an advertisement such as that of a spokesperson, endorser, provider of a testimonial, or an actor. A spokesperson represents the company or brand like a salesman, while an endorser is associated with the brand even though he may not be an expert in the product category of the brand. In case of testimonials, the superiority of the product is attested by an individual or the personal experience of the celebrity. Lastly, the celebrity actor is only a character in a dramatic presentation in the advertisement. McCracken (1989) suggested four different modes of celebrity endorsers namely, Explicit mode, Implicit mode, Imperative mode, and the Co-present mode. In the explicit mode, the celebrity announces the endorsement of a product, while in the implicit mode; the celebrity uses verbal or physical communication for the product. In the imperative mode, the celebrity suggests the audience to use the endorsed product while the celebrity only appears with the product in the co-present mode. The studies of celebrity endorsements in the past 30 years have centered around two broad themes: source credibility and celebrity-brand congruence. Source credibility studies focus on the factors defining the credibility of a celebrity. Credibility of a celebrity has been found to be a major factor influencing consumer attitudes. Research has identified three dimensions of source credibility: attractiveness, expertise, and trustworthiness. Some of the studies (e.g., Ohanian, 1990) have used all the three dimensions to develop a scale that can measure credibility. On the other hand, there are studies that have analyzed only one or two dimensions of credibility and its impact on the consumer (Weiner and Mowen, 1986; Friedman and Friedman, 1979; Kamins and Gupta, 1994). However, the findings from these studies have been quite contradictory. While some studies have found trustworthiness to be the most important dimension of source credibility (McGinnies and Ward, 1980; Atkin and Block, 1983 and Kamins, 1989), others have emphasized attractiveness (Baker and Churchill, 1977; Kahle and Homer, 1985; Caballero et al., 1989; Silvera and Austad, 2004) or have suggested expertise (Maddux and Rogers, 1980; Ohanian, 1991) to be the most important parameter. Around 64 per cent of the commercials used the implicit mode of celebrity portrayal for different product categories. Usage of film celebrities was more extensive than sports celebrities in major product categories. This was probably because the shelf life of fame for a film celebrity is more than that of the sports celebrity. Male celebrities dominated the product categories like food and beverage, automobiles, and consumer durables. The female celebrities were featured majorly in beauty products. No distinct association was found between the product categories considered and the mode used for celebrity portrayal. (Jain et al. 2010) Using a celebrity for endorsement is not a new occurrence but prevalent since 19th century. Celebrity endorsements help to break the clutter and differentiate the brand. It also helps in image repair of a brand (Kaikati, 1987). In todays world where thousands of advertisements come across people in various forms, celebrity endorsement can easily win the confidence of consumers (Sabnavis, 2003). Celebrity helps in increasing profitability of the organization. In fact, celebrity endorsement is more effective than non-celebrity endorsement in generating attitudes towards advertisement (AAD), attitude towards brand (AB) and purchase intention (PI) (Erdogan, 1999). Research findings suggest that the percentage of celebrity advertisements out of the total number of ads aired is as high as 25-30% in western countries and around 60% in India (Patel, 2009). In such a scenario both academia and industry look for the issues in selection, use and effectiveness of celebrities as product endorsers. Research in celebrity endorsements in the last thirty years have tried to address various issues in celebrity endorsements such as the effects of credibility of endorser on the consumers (Friedman and Friedman, 1979; Goldsmith et al., 2000), issues in celebrity product match-up (Kamins, 1990; Till and Busler, 1998), meaning transfer in celebrity endorsements (McCracken, 1989) and a host of other issues such as effect of negative celebrity information, cross country comparison of celebrity advertising, gender and celebrity endorsement perceptions, etc. Celebrity endorsements is been accepted to be a ubiquitous feature of modern day marketing (McCracken 1989). It has also been seen that one quarter of all advertisement use/feature a celebrity to endorse a product or brand. This validates the effectiveness of Celebrity endorsements as a means of persuasive communication. It has the potential to enhance audience attentiveness, make the ad more memorable, credible, and desirable and add glamour to the endorsed product (Spielman, 1981). OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY The study is conducted to find out the impact of celebrity endorsement on rural consumers of Lucknow District. HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY The null hypothesis that there is no impact of celebrity endorsement on rural consumers was framed for the study. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY STUDY AREA The Study is conducted in the Lucknow city of Uttar Pradesh. Further, the respondents are selected from four different areas namely, Malihabad, Mohanlalganj, Banthara and Bakshi ka Talab of Lucknow. SAMPLING METHOD AND SAMPLE SIZE The sample method used to select the area for this study is random sampling technique. The sample method that was used to collect data from the population was convenience sampling. Sample size identified for the research is 300 respondents from Lucknow district. DATA COLLECTION The Study is based on Primary data and Secondary data both. The primary data is collected through structured questionnaire from the 300 respondents from Lucknow. The secondary data is collected through the magazines, journals, periodicals, people opinion and internet. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Analytical Techniques are the statistical tools that are used for analyzing the collected data. The one sample t-test was used to test the hypothesis. ANOVA was used to find out the impact of celebrity on rural consumers. The SPSS 17 statistical software is also used for doing the calculations RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The study was conducted in rural areas of Lucknow. Using the random sampling technique the rural areas of Lucknow were selected. The study was done at Malihabad, Banthara, Bakshi ka Talab and Mohanlalganj. The total sample size targeted for study was 300 respondents from the selected areas but the responses were received from 277 respondents. The convenience sampling was used to collect the data from the respondents using structured questionnaires. The respondents were categorized in the age group 0- 10, 10- 20 and above 60, with the class interval of 10. It was found that maximum number of respondents were in the age group of 20- 30 with 67 respondents, followed by 10- 20 with 60 respondents as represented in Table 1. As per Table 2, the numbers of male respondents were 173 (62.5%) and the numbers of female respondents were 104 (37.5%). This shows that males participated the maximum in the study. Table 3 shows the preferences about the celebrities in the advertisements. The respondents are categorized in three categories name yes, no and cant say. The numbers of respondents who prefer the celebrities in the advertisements are 103 which contribute 37.2% of the responded population. Further, 96 respondents responded that they do not prefer celebrity in the advertisements which contribute to 34.7% of the responded population. 78 respondents replied cant say which is 28.2% of the responded population. Null Hypothesis: There is no impact of celebrity endorsement on rural consumers. Alternate Hypothesis: There is impact of celebrity endorsement on rural consumers. The null hypothesis indicates that there is no impact of celebrity endorsement on rural consumers, to test this hypothesis one-sample t-test is used, and as per the Table 4 the significance value is .000 which is significant at 5% level of significance. Hence the null hypothesis there is no impact of celebrity endorsement on rural consumers is rejected and alternate hypothesis there is impact of celebrity endorsement on rural consumers can be accepted. ANOVA was used to identify the impact of celebrity endorsement on rural consumers. Here age group of rural consumers is considered as dependent variable whereas prefer celebrity in advertisement is considered as Construct. There is a significant impact of celebrity endorsement on rural consumers. The value of significance level is .000, which is significant at 5% level of significance. Therefore, it can be said that there is an impact of celebrity endorsement on rural consumers based on the data collected for the study. CONCLUSION The statistical tools were used to determine the conclusion of the hypotheses framed. The tools used for analysis of the data are- frequency distribution, which showed the percentage by which the hypotheses has been accepted, one- sample t-test to test the hypotheses at 5% of significance and ANOVA to analyze the impact of celebrity endorsement on rural consumers. The following points were concluding observation to satisfy the objectives of the study and prove the hypotheses: 37.2% of the rural consumers prefer celebrities in the advertisements followed by 34.7% of rural consumers who do not prefer celebrities in the advertisements. There is an impact of celebrity endorsement on rural consumers as it is been proven in the study by calculating the significance level.

Journalistic Standards in the Matt Drudge Era Essay -- Exploratory Ess

Journalistic Standards in the Matt Drudge Era Introduction Public trust is at the heart of journalism. Such trust is built upon the credibility journalistic efforts. In the past, though mistakes have been made by even the most reputable of news providers, credibility was maintained and public trust in the journalist industry was steady. However, with the Internet taking its first infant steps into the reporting world, concern is being vocalized that public trust in journalism will be damaged by mavericks, such as Matt Drudge, who, without any foundation in reporting seek to tell the entire world every little secret he can dig up. And he’s been wrong. This paper will examine the debate surrounding online journalism, including a general look at journalistic standards and an account of Matt Drudge’s activities as an Internet investigative reporter. With the pressures of staying current with technology, news services scramble to grab a piece of the Internet â€Å"pie,† but struggle to determine what the ethical standards should be and how public trust can be maintained in an environment where anyone with a computer and online capability can be a reporter. Review of Literature â€Å"Let the future begin.† These words closed Matt Drudge’s introduction during his June 2, 1998, address before the National Press Club. His topic: â€Å"Anyone with a modem can report on the world.† Times are changing and â€Å"traditional journalism† is finding it difficult to adapt. The Internet as a mass communications vehicle is challenging many accepted norms. Journalistic standards and ethics are among the most debated topics. Though Matt Drudge is certainly not the only person reporting online news in a method inconsistent with traditional st... ...99: 24. Ryan, Leslie, â€Å"In Drudge Era, Educators Make Case of J-Schools,† Electronic Media, Vol. 17 (39) 1998: 26-27. Sandberg, Jared, â€Å"Call It the Drudgegate Affair,† Newsweek, Vol. 134 (22) 1999: 50. Snyder, Beth; Kerwin, Ann Marie, â€Å"’Clintern’ Story Raises Issues for Cyberjournalism,† Advertising Age, Vol. 69 (5) 1998: 32. Stevenson, Kerry, â€Å"The Technology, Business, and Ethics of News,† International Broadcast Engineer (IBE), Oct 1999: 44. Swaine, Michael, â€Å"Error-Correcting Journalism,† Dr. Dobb’s Journal: Software Tools for the Professional Programmer, Issue 313, 2000: 152. Webster, Nancy Coltun, â€Å"Drudge Report,† Advertising Age, Vol. 69 (26) 1998: S22. Weir, David, â€Å"Web Journalism Crosses Many Traditional Lines,† Nieman Reports, Vol. 54 (4) 2000: 35-38. Wilson-Smith, Anthony, â€Å"What’s New About the Web,† Maclean’s, Vol. 113 (29) 2000: 14.

The Disappearance of Native Americans in California Essay -- Demograph

â€Å"To discover, understand, and encounter the cultures and intricate natures of the California Indian people, it is necessary to search the past† –Nancy Wahl. Tracing back in California history, Spanish explorers, commanded by Juan Rodrà ­guez Cabrillo, found the tip of what is now Baja California in the year 1533 and named it "California" after a mythical island in a popular Spanish novel. It is evident that from the time Spanish monarchs set foot in California, the world as Native Americans knew it was never the same again. The late 1700s initiated and marked the colonization of Spaniards in the â€Å"Golden State† which in turn provoked the massive persecution and extermination of Native American population as well as the disappearance of Native heritage and culture. As a result, the recurring despairs and adversities of the Indian population began. Professor Edward D. Castillo expresses in his article â€Å"California Indian History† that California Indians have been the most unfortunate and the least understood of all the Native American tribes in the nation. â€Å"They were once probably the most contented and happy race on the continent, in proportion to their capacities for enjoyment, and they have been more miserably corrupted and destroyed than any other tribes within the union† (Castillo, www.nahc.ca.gov/califindian). They had the largest population, and resided in the most pleasant and naturally productive lands but as we have learned, they were swept away with a most vile and cruel extermination. Epidemic diseases brought to the state by Spanish colonists and missionaries in the late 1700s to the early 1800s, turned out to be the most powerful and discreet method to surmount Native American population. The impact of the missionarie... ...populated state in the nation and is recognized as one of the wealthiest states, Native Americans are still marginalized in a third world existence, becoming the most underprivileged and miserable minority living in California. Works Cited Castillo, Edward D. â€Å"Short Overview of California Indian History.† California Native Americans Heritage Commission. April 12, 2012. Paddison, Joshua. â€Å"Native Americans.† Calisphere University of California. April 12, 2012. Viola, Herman. California Studies: History-Social Science, Grade 4. â€Å"Californio Lands.† Houghton Mifflin,  ©2007. 214-217. Wahl, Nancy "Hodges". â€Å"Native Americans Travel through Time†¦on Hwy 49.† Historic Hwy 49. April 14, 2012. The Disappearance of Native Americans in California Essay -- Demograph â€Å"To discover, understand, and encounter the cultures and intricate natures of the California Indian people, it is necessary to search the past† –Nancy Wahl. Tracing back in California history, Spanish explorers, commanded by Juan Rodrà ­guez Cabrillo, found the tip of what is now Baja California in the year 1533 and named it "California" after a mythical island in a popular Spanish novel. It is evident that from the time Spanish monarchs set foot in California, the world as Native Americans knew it was never the same again. The late 1700s initiated and marked the colonization of Spaniards in the â€Å"Golden State† which in turn provoked the massive persecution and extermination of Native American population as well as the disappearance of Native heritage and culture. As a result, the recurring despairs and adversities of the Indian population began. Professor Edward D. Castillo expresses in his article â€Å"California Indian History† that California Indians have been the most unfortunate and the least understood of all the Native American tribes in the nation. â€Å"They were once probably the most contented and happy race on the continent, in proportion to their capacities for enjoyment, and they have been more miserably corrupted and destroyed than any other tribes within the union† (Castillo, www.nahc.ca.gov/califindian). They had the largest population, and resided in the most pleasant and naturally productive lands but as we have learned, they were swept away with a most vile and cruel extermination. Epidemic diseases brought to the state by Spanish colonists and missionaries in the late 1700s to the early 1800s, turned out to be the most powerful and discreet method to surmount Native American population. The impact of the missionarie... ...populated state in the nation and is recognized as one of the wealthiest states, Native Americans are still marginalized in a third world existence, becoming the most underprivileged and miserable minority living in California. Works Cited Castillo, Edward D. â€Å"Short Overview of California Indian History.† California Native Americans Heritage Commission. April 12, 2012. Paddison, Joshua. â€Å"Native Americans.† Calisphere University of California. April 12, 2012. Viola, Herman. California Studies: History-Social Science, Grade 4. â€Å"Californio Lands.† Houghton Mifflin,  ©2007. 214-217. Wahl, Nancy "Hodges". â€Å"Native Americans Travel through Time†¦on Hwy 49.† Historic Hwy 49. April 14, 2012.

Assessing the Role of Motivation on Employees Essay

In this light the study sets to identify the most ranked factors among the ten motivational factors. The analysis from the empirical findings showed that Job satisfaction† was the most ranked factor for both sub groups that made up the sample survey. However a study from previous researches used in this study showed that different results could be obtained from different groups of already working employees. This study therefore can be seen as an introduction to a more detailed study to be carried by future researchers on the field of employee’s motivation. Background When looking at factors that affect job satisfaction, I find that Agency theory might be helpful as it explains the extent to which organizations need to think of their human resource responsible in producing the output needed by organizations to meet shareholders value. Agency theory is concerned with issues related to the ownership of the firm when that ownership is separated from the day-to-day running of the organization. It assumes that in all but owner- managed organizations the owner or owners (known in agency theory as the â€Å"principal†) of an organization must vest authority to an â€Å"agent†-corporate management- to act on their behalf. The principal recognizes the risk, here and act on the assumption that any agent will look to serve its own as well as the principal interests as it ulfils it contract with that principal. However, this is not the situation in real life situation. As all agents are perceived to be Opportunistic. These approaches are to examine the problems of human exchange derived from the field of finance and economics but they are often applied to the study of shareholders Risk Management (SHRM). Agency theory is therefore used to analyze this conflict in interest between the principal (shareholders of o rganizations) and their agents (leaders of these organizations). Whereby the â€Å"Agents† in keeping with the interest of the shareholders and organizational goals turn to use financial motivational aspects like bonuses, higher payrolls, pensions, sick allowances, risk payments, perks to reward and retained their employees and enhance their performance. There is a strong lobby propounding the view that human resources and their management are the source of competitive advantage for the business, rather than, say, access to capital or use of technology. It is therefore logical to suggest that, attention needs to be paid to the nature of this resource and its management as this will impact on human resource behavior and performance and consequently the performance of the organization. Indeed Boxall and Steeneveld (1999) argue that there is no need to prove the relationship between firm critical influence on performance and labour management as it is self evident that the quality of human resource management is a critical influence on the performance of the firm. Concern for strategic integration, commitment flexibility and quality, has called for attention for employees motivation and retention. Given this perception, the principal in an organization feels unable to predict an agent’s behavior in any given situation and so brings into play various measures to do with incentives in other to tie employee’s needs to those of their organization. Thus getting employee’s identification with respect to the organization, and thus increasing their commitment level. As an approach to mediate the employment contract, elements of human resource strategy (especially those to do with rewards and retention) can offer a way of ensuring an efficient transaction process that enables both parties to get committed towards the fulfillment of each other needs. The fundamental problem, dealt with is what drives or induces people to exploit their potential resources in the way they do in organizations? The issue of motivation and performance are they positively related? By focusing on the financial aspect of motivation problem like bonus system, allowances perks, salaries, etc. By paying attention to the financial aspect of motivation, I intend to probe in to the role this aspect has on enhancing employee’s performance. I believe, financial motivation has become the most concern in today’s organization, and tying to Mallow’s basic needs, non-financial aspect only comes in when financial motivation has failed. Though in some situation, it is being operated side by side. But as a research topic for my thesis I will employ the financial aspects of motivation used by the agents of organization in enhancing their employee’s performance and the extent to which non-financial aspects of motivation turn to enhance employee’s performance. To evaluate the methods of performance motivation in organization in organizing some motivational factors like satisfies and dissatisfies will be used to evaluate how employees motivation is enhanced other than financial aspects of motivation. Problem Statements As a research question, the research seeks to answer what role motivation plays in enhancing performance in organization. This will be possible through analysis of information gathered from students. Hence this thesis is mainly quantitative. * Objectives In trying to find an answer(s) to the research question and on the basis of the above background discussion and research question, the main purposes developed for this thesis is to assess the factors t hat motivate employees to perform best at work. This is done by carrying out a survey in which respondents responding to a survey, ranked the least two most important factor on a list of ten factors, and how these factors influence them. * Limitations and Demarcations The limitation is being considered in relation to the natural explanation to which the researcher has limited the study and the active choices to limit the study area that is financial motivation as a determinant of performance. The study is limited to existing theories and models, and their influence and limitation on performance enhancement. By considering the financial and non-financial aspect of motivation on employees’ performance relating to existing theories and models, I intend to mark a demarcation for the study. Here I have considered limitation in line with the research objective that is the study is limited. I believe that with the changing nature of the work force, recent trends in development, information and technology, the issue of financial motivation becomes consent on one of the most important assets in an organization. A lot has been said on the outside forces of an organization. This research considers the inside forces as a starting point. Ideally, a study of all the explanatory variables will be considered appropriate in order to capture the interactive influences of other variables and thus be able to come up with holistic and generally more acceptable results, of financial motivation and performance. * Definitions Motivation: Motivation by definition refers to what activates, directs human behavior and how this behavior is sustained to achieve a particular goal. Also it can be defined as the set of processes that arouse, direct and maintain human behavior towards attaining some goals. Jones (1955) argues that† Motivation is concerned with how behavior gets started, is energized, is sustained, is directed, and is stopped and what kind of subjective reaction is present in the organization while all this is going on. † Role of financial motivation: The potential role of money is – (1) Conditioned reinforce (2) An incentive which is capable of satisfying needs (3) An anxiety reducer (4) Serves to erase feelings of dissatisfaction Employee satisfaction: This refers to the positive or negative aspects of employee’s altitude towards their jobs or some features of the job. Organizational Goals: A concept, which refers to the focus of attention and decision-making among employees of a sub-unit. Organizing: This involves the complete understanding of the goals of organization, the necessity of proper co-ordination, and the environmental factors that influence the goals and employees within the organization. Employee attitudes: Mental state of readiness for motive arousal.

Culture Is A Learned Phenomenon

Culture is a learned phenomenon that has both limiting and liberating effects. How do you think mass media messages received today help to shape our cultural views of attraction? How does our culture seem to define attractiveness of a woman and a man? Support your post with real life examples of media message that you found to be persuasive. Mass Media helps shape our view our views of attraction by the things we see every day from magazines to commercials. The celebrities on the front of magazines are created to look perfect but in actual reality don't.Their bodies eave been photo shopped to have more distinct features and to portray that perfect look. And in consequence people believe that is what beauty is and that's what beauty should look like and then go on to believe that's what they should kick like. What the media is doing is creating false beauty. Men are expected to look like Calvin Klein models, muscles, abs, and perfect hair. Women are expected to look like Victoria secr et models, skinny, tan, and tall. And in this day and age if you don't like something about yourself it is perfectly normal to get surgery to fix it. Ink in most of those situations he or she is getting something done to fix something it is to enhance something; to make their nose look slimmer or to go up a breast size or two.

View the Environment: Professional Staff vs Management Staff

In a healthcare environment, the professional, front-line staff members such as doctors and nurses are those staff members who interact directly with customers or the public, rather than with members of the organization. The latter is more typical of management. Although collaboration between nurses and doctors can itself be a problem, this is less likely to prove problematic than the relationship between professional staff members and management staff (Zwarenstein, 2000) Professional staff members, because they have extensive interaction with customers or the public, will invariably have a more patient-focused rather than cost-focused orientation than hospital management staff. Also, in contrast to management, there are stronger time and resource pressures on the front-line environment in an immediate and personal way, than in a holistic and long-term fashion. Professional staff members are technically focused on doing the job for the day and helping patients, rather than helping the hospital-the pressures of patient health provide a more immediate focus. Unlike management, the professional members of the staff have received a considerable amount of structured training as part of their previous, pre-organizational hands-on healthcare education. The hospital organization is legally liable for the actions of front-line staff, should mistakes regarding patient health be made, nor organizational business ‘health'-health care staff are health care professionals, not business people. (Robertson, 2003) There is little team-based or project-based work in the front-line professional health care environment. Instead, the front-line typically performs the work specified by their profession and the needs of patients, reflecting any changes and initiatives implemented by management only when instructed. (Robertson, 2003) Cost of supplies, for example may be a greater concern for management than care for professional staff, and professionals may have less of a tolerance for bureaucracy and paper work, although certain concerns, such as time management may be shared by both.

How sympathetic a character Essay

Upon reading Aristophanes’ Wasps for the first time, Procleon, the antihero of the play, evokes a strange sort of sympathy. The part of us that wants to rebel against the system identifies with his character, and admires the way in which, in the second half of the play, he â€Å"does what the man in the street would really like to do† (K Dover) and generally places himself above authority. Aristophanes loads Procleon’s character with vulgarity and nastiness, but does it in such a way that an audience seeing the play for the first time will focus on sympathizing with him as the `heroic’ character more than his deep-seated and twisted darker side. For instance, in the first scene we see Procleon trapped inside his own home, treated not like a villain or monster, but a mentally ill obsessive, or trialophile. â€Å"†¦ The more you warn him, the more he goes to court. That’s why we’ve had to bolt him in and guard the house for fear he gets out. † The way the two slaves describe Procleon’s personality is quite comic. They describe him as a sad old man. He then tries to escape later on by holding on to the bottom of a donkey as it comes out of the house, in a parody of Odysseus in Homer’s Odyssey. On one hand, we find his wit amusing, and he tries to mirror the cunning of Odysseus, and on the other hand we laughingly pity him for trying such an idea, especially onstage as it looks absurd. Aristophanes is poking fun at the latest trend in Athenian society in the ridiculous person of Procleon. However, Athenian litigiousness and trial mania are not his only target. In his conversion from his former juryman’s life, Procleon becomes a caricature of an upper-class snob engaging in one of the well-heeled set’s favourite addictions: dressing up in your finery, attending drinking parties and meetings of secret societies and going on drunken rampages through the streets, beating up passers by, knocking over statues, mauling slaves and women, etc. By the end of the play, it’s hard to tell whether Procleon is ny better off for having traded a poor man’s pastime for a rich man’s. In the first half of the play, we  see Procleon as a bloodthirsty bastard, a sadistic slave to Cleon whose only friends are the similarly savage, vespine jurymen. Just seeing this feeble army of nasty old men, we find immediate comedy. On the surface, nothing about Procleon seems too bad, just a rather crazed old man with a strange obsession. â€Å"He enjoys voting defendants down: he is comically sadistic. † – D. MacDowell However, when we look deeper into the play and Procleon’s character, we see that there is a far darker and more sinister side to him. First of all, there is the fact that the only reason he enjoys sitting on the jury so much is so that he can wreak pain and suffering upon innocent people. â€Å"I long to come to court with you, some solid, lasting harm to do. † There is also the way in which he treats his daughter, in a rather incestuous manner. â€Å"she leans over to give me a kiss – and fish out those three obols with her tongue! † â€Å"spends his days in the infliction of pain on others and his evenings in running his hand up his daughter’s skirt. † – K Dover.

Mabel McKay Weaving the Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mabel McKay Weaving the Dream - Essay Example Mabel was a very quiet and observant child. She always stared about the things. She was so weak that Sarah had to told to the people who said the girl looked like she was starving to death. When she began to speak a strange thing happened that she started restless nights and she began to say things those were not supposed to be known by her. She talked about her step - mother the big lady. Every one was surprised that how could she has known anything about that as she was an infant child then. Sarah considered her special child with unique qualities. When the Mabel was at the age of twelve years, her mother Daisy returned back and tried to handover her to an old Colusa man. Sarah had to shift Mabel McKay to Mrs. Spencer’s house who was a very nice lady and mostly hired the Indian to cut the grapes at each fall. There were many ways by which the local inhabitants following the indigenous practices and views. They expressed their views and followed traditional customs in different gathering and festivals. For example when Sarah went to see her sister Belle, both â€Å"sat on the floor, in the old style, even though Belle had a new table with four perfectly comfortable wooden chairs. And when they got sleepy, they camped right there, folding up their shawls for a pillows† (Sarris, 16). The life in valley till was very simple yet few things were changed. There were Roads every where. where. Also the large oak tree along the Creek looked dry and along the water where sweet clover grew year round, there was nothing but, dusty earth, and cow dung (Sarris, 17). Following were the common ways by which the people follow the indigenous practices and views.

Case study 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study 4 - Assignment Example e CNC Machine Maintenance Field Service Technician level will allow the employee that is hired to be able to take advantage of various offerings that make him or her more marketable in the present competitive job market. This quality of improved knowledgeability will greatly benefit the candidate as the engineering industry is constantly experiencing advances in various sectors. This means that engineer have to constantly be engaged in learning new skills or technologies in order to remain relevant. It also means that with the release of new operating systems in the engineering field, the workers have to be prepared to make constant adjustments to their thinking patterns. The candidate will be encouraged to embrace this process by being among a group of people that is invested in realizing the necessary changes. By working in the offered position, the candidate will also get a chance to experience what working with other people entails. Engineering can be challenging for people who are impatient. This is because they may have to cooperate with clients or co-workers who have not reached their level of expertise. Obviously, patience becomes an important skill that the engineer acquires in such cases. The candidate will also be able to benefit from the opportunity by acquiring better communication skills. This is particularly true where engineers, who work in remote areas, as do many field service engineers, are concerned. Effectively handling the task of remote support calls for a patient and understanding personal character. When out in the field, the engineers also have to be able to maintain communication in spite of differences of opinion or less than cooperative customers. The candidate screening process will be less concerned with computer recommendations and more based on face to face interviews. In the first stage, different recruiters will conduct prescreen calls in which they will speak with all the applicants about their backgrounds, and seek to

Accountability of Registered Nurses in Delegating Care Essay - 1

Accountability of Registered Nurses in Delegating Care - Essay Example Furthermore, errors committed in giving health care will be minimized if not avoided because of mastery of the skill to the tasks that has been designated to the assistants. In everything that has been done, it is the patient’s best interest that is taken into account. A patient has put the trust in our hands for us to deal and treat his disease, thus it is just necessary to return the trust and be their advocates in promoting their well-being. In this text, support workers are team members whom tasks are delegated to by the registered practitioners. Support workers may represent health care assistant, rehabilitation assistant or technician, therapy assistant, assistant practitioner or technical instructors. Registered practitioner on the other hand pertains to a registered professional who usually delegates the task i.e. the Health Professions Council (HPC) or the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (CSP, 2006). The health care practitioners are bound within the scope of both the criminal and civil courts so as to assure that what they are doing are within the limits of legal requirements especially since they are dealing with human life. Registered health care providers are responsible to their acts of health practice and patient care thus must conform to the conditions and terms set by the regulatory and professional bodies. Currently, heath support workers do not have professional registrations (Department of Health, 2004; Scottish Executive Health Department, 2004).

Doesn't matter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Doesn't matter - Essay Example As an accounting manager, only those costs and revenues should be considered that are altered as a result of the decision. Incremental costs and revenues get the prime importance in this decision-making tree. Cost is one of the most crucial factors of accounting when it comes to decision-making. "Cost behavior patterns" refers to the way in which cost behaves in connection with the level of activity. For instance in a project there are fixed costs and variable costs. Some costs increase as the project progresses while others remain fixed. Determining the minimum price quotations is crucial. This will help the company decide whether they should hire new technicians or not. It is not a final key in the decision-making. But this will give the managers the absolute minimum price. Beyond this, they can decide if they want to increase the sale price. The manager also needs to think in terms of overhead absorption. Dividing the total cost of technicians by the number of animals will give a cost per animal. This only gives a rough idea of the real cost of servicing each animal. As an accounting manager, it would be crucial to see what this extra work shift will mean in terms of cost/profit. A comparison of the profit statement when 12,000 test capacity is performed, with the profit statement when the additional shift of 18,000 tests is carried out, would be essential to judge the difference in terms of profit. There are certain factors that need to be included in case a decision is made regarding the additional workload of 18,000 tests. The greater the number of factors the more complicated the decision-making process. The presence of many options available for the company makes it difficult for accounting managers to ration and quantify the benefits across the board. The first factor to consider is whether the decision of taking on more technicians

Financial accounting (Asset, liability, revenue, expense and sale) Essay

Financial accounting (Asset, liability, revenue, expense and sale) - Essay Example Further those are classified as tangible or intangible assets. Use of fixed assets is written off to profit and loss account as depreciation. Liabilities are of two types, namely current liabilities and non- current liabilities. Liabilities whose obligation to pay arise within a period of twelve months or in a business cycle are called current liabilities. These are classified in balance sheet on liabilities side as ‘current liabilities’ and also include the current obligations (arising within 12 months) of long term liabilities. It may also be shown as deduction from current assets in order to calculate net current assets. Long term liabilities or non- current liabilities are those are due to be paid beyond a period of twelve months or a business cycle. These are shown separately than current liabilities on liability side of balance sheet. Expenses: Expenses generally result from increases in liabilities or decreases in assets. For example rent for use of business premises increases the current liabilities and thus results in expenses. Expenses are deducted from total revenue or income in an income statement or profit and loss account in order to compute profits or losses during an accounting period. Expenses may be revenue expenditure or non- revenue expenditure Revenue expenses are used to compute profits or losses of the business. Non- revenue expenses are generally added to assets in respect of which those are incurred. Sale: Sale of goods takes place on transfer of ownership to the buyer and receipt of value or claim to the sales value of such goods. Sales are recognized as revenue from regular business of entity. The goods dealt in are those in the regular course of business of the entity. Sale is treated as revenue or income in the profit and loss account for purpose of calculation of profit or loss earned during the accounting period. Sales that are

Tort Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tort Law - Essay Example The banks received and paid some cheques worth approximately HK$5.5 million. The cheques appeared to be genuinely drawn by the company and they bore the signature of Mr. Chen who was one of the authorized signatories for the company to the cheques. In each of the instances, the banks used each cheque to debit the companys account. However, these cheques were forgeries and not the companys cheques. An accounts clerk had forged Mr. Chen’s signature on each cheque. The main issue in the appeal is to determine who was to bear the loss arising from the forgeries. The question of general principle was to determine the nature and extent to which a customer has a duty of care to his bank in relation to the operation of his current account. The companys submission was that, where no other agreement exists between the banker and customer, the customers duty could only be limited to two sets of circumstances. In drawing his cheque, the customer must exercise due care. A cheque having a forged signature is not the customer’s and the bank therefore cannot pay it. The customer must also bring to the attention of the bank any forgery, which he discovers so that the bank may take precautions to avoid loss. If any breach of such duty by the customer leads the bank to make payments on the forged cheque, the customer is liable to bear the loss. The banks’ submission on the issue was that from the relationship between banker and customer, the latter has a duty to the former to take precautions to prevent the presentation of forged cheques to the bank and to check his periodic bank statements. That is so as identify and report to the bank any items, which he may not have authorized. The duty is both in contract and in tort (Hodgson and Lewthwaite, 2004, p. 417). In delivering the Lordships’ ruling, Lord Scarman said that their Lordships believed there was nothing to the advantage of the laws development in trying to find a liability in tort

Karl Marx and Emile Durkheimcitizens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Karl Marx and Emile Durkheimcitizens - Essay Example He believes that the individual understands and fits into their society through "Their understanding of religious origin; they are social affairs and the product of collective thought" (Giddens). While the two philosophers had differing opinions on how a society is formed, they are similar in that they both studied how the individual fits into and reacts to their societies. Marx's theory of "fetishism of commodities" first introduced in his main work Capital, focuses on the capitalist society's obsession with goods and its devaluing of labor. He believes, "Commodities are seen as having power over the people who produce them" (Tucker). Therefore members in a capitalist society begin to function in a cycle of laboring for goods. They strive for more and more commodities and work harder and harder to get them, losing focus on the true value of the commodities. This kind of society loses the relationship between the producer and the consumer because the producer only sees the commodity according to the work that he put in to produce it while the consumer values the commodity at face value since they are unaware of what kind of labor went into producing it. Marx's theory reveals a society that is formed out of and run by commodities.

HOW DOES INTERPROFESSIONAL WORKING IMPACT ON PROFESSIONAL Essay

HOW DOES INTERPROFESSIONAL WORKING IMPACT ON PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE CLINICAL SETTING - Essay Example The patient will be referred to as Mr. X to maintain confidentiality as stated in the nursing and midwifery code of professional conduct (2007). The author’s interest in Mr. X is based on his clinical experience and reflection of his involvement in the delivery of his care. The positive and negative aspects of inter-professional team will be discussed. Also, the author will use appropriate literature to examine how responsibility and accountability can be enhanced through inter-professional working. According to Alan (2007), Inter-professional working is defined as a practice where a number of professionals with different qualifications come together to meet a particular target. Some of their characteristics include direct service delivery, good professional relationship, collaboration and communal trust. Further, Matrix and Weeds (2007) describe Inter-professional working as a group of professionals with complementary skills, who are committed to a common purpose and hold themselves mutually accountable for its achievement. Inter-professional working includes collaborative practice, multi-professional working and team working. This is supported by Mickan and Rodger, (2000a) who describe teamwork as shared and agreed responsibilities, decision making and problem solving. The members of an inter-professional team communicate effectively in order to provide quality patient care. According to Braine (2006), clinical governance should be viewed as an opportunity to improve care delivery in the aftermath of some highly publicised failures in the NHS in the 1990s. The most notable of these was the Bristol Royal Infirmary Inquiry (2001) which accounts for 23 deaths of cardiac surgical paediatric patients. Other notable cases were the Royal Liverpool Children’s Inquiry (Alder Hey Inquiry), the case of the GP Harold Shipman (Smith 2005), and the trial of the nurse Beverly Allitt in 1993

Why Was There a Spanish Armada Essay Example for Free

Why Was There a Spanish Armada Essay England and Spain have had religious differences since Henry VIII changed England into a protestant country as a result of the divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. When Henry died his son, Edward I, was a strong protestant and reinforced the protestant faith in England. When Edward I died at the age of 15, his half sister Mary became Queen. She was a strong Catholic, and this resulted in England returning to the Catholic religion which resulted in the persecution of non-Catholics. She married King Phillip of Spain who was also a devout Catholic. When Mary died, her half sister Elizabeth I became Queen of England, who immediately stopped the persecutions of non- Catholics and changed England back to protestant. The main reason for the Armada was because King Phillip of Spain wanted to take over England and to change it back to Catholic, just as Elizabeth had turned it protestant. King Phillip offered to marry Elizabeth thinking that he could have control over English politics and persuade her to keep the Catholic faith. After she refused his offer he made several failed attempts to kill Queen Elizabeth to replace her with a Catholic Monarch, Mary, Queen of Scotts. King Phillip was getting angry with Queen Elizabeth because she was letting English pirates attack Spanish ships as long as she got a percentage of the spoils. She also offered to help Protestants who rebelled against Spanish rule in the Spanish Netherlands. Elizabeth ordered the execution of her cousin Mary Queen of Scots, which convinced King Phillip to attack England. Queen Elizabeth knew that King Phillip had a big fleet of ships and lots of essential supplies. She sent the Royal Navy to do a surprise attack on the Spanish ships at the harbor in Cadiz. The British attacked and damaged several warships, some very severely. They also destroyed the barrels of food, water, and gun powder on the ships. They had to make new ones but they did not let the barrels dry long enough which caused the contents to spoil. The food rotted, the water became undrinkable, and the gun powder was useless. This delayed the Spanish Armada attack for one year.

The persuasive speech

The persuasive speech Persuasive Speech Did you know that 50% of kids in foster homes die from child abuse a year? There are a half of a million children in the foster care system. Many people are unaware of this hidden tragedy that happens behind closed doors and away from the public eye. We should take a stand and fight for stricter regulations with Child and Youth when children are placed in foster care. We should advocate tougher laws and guidelines for social workers, foster families and the ?system? that runs it. First, we should talk about the social workers that work for Division and Youth services. The regulations for social workers are poor and unethical. Most states do not have requirements to work in this profession only a high school diploma and the ability to pass a criminal background check. In Pennsylvania, the state does not demand a license for these workers. Social workers believe that their actions they take violates the law but say ?they are necessary to comply with ethical standards. Fredrick Reamer a PHD writes, ?social workers follow their own personal option and reasons of why they do the things they do? and ?believe that the laws are unjust and harmful? (Reamer 1). They are suppose to follow the laws that are in place by our Constitution and by the National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics. What gives them the right to be above the law? In my case coming from New Jersey, the social workers came in and took us out for good reasons. In Pennsylvania, my neighbor was going to have her kids taken away because they missed so many days of school. Child and Youth came to her house and demand a reason for this. Jess, my neighbor, told me ? the lady came into my house and yelled at me in front of my kids, calling me an unfit parent and said that they were going to take the kids? (Jess, PI). Children and Family Justice Center says that technique is a criteria and ?see the bully fight as worth having, stand up for despised, demonized, brilliant and tenacious children? (Bernadine Dohrn 1). What should be done with these so called social workers? We should demand that all get a license in this field which requires a masters or a doctrine degree. We should tell the National Association of Social Workers to enforce penalties on those who do not follow the law and ethical standards that are in place to protect the families and children that are innocent. We have to come together as families and protect ourselves and know the laws in our state. Another problem we face is the foster homes and state run facilities. Agencies fail to investigate abuse reports, find permanent homes for children or track children under care. In Pennsylvania a judge wrote, ?In recent years, the system run by DHS and overseen by DPW had repeatedly failed to fulfill its mandates and unfortunately has often jeopardized the welfare of the children in its care? (Rick Thomas 1). Did you know that there are 20,000 kids in foster care in Pennsylvania and 30 percent of them have no prospect of having a permanent home? Or that ?28% of children in foster homes are abused a year and half of them die of abuse? (Donna Devane 1). There is more abuse occurring in foster homes than the general public and it is increasing each year. For example, Gilbreanie Wallace was placed in foster care because her grandmothers house became unlivable when her pipes broke and flooded her house. Instead of Division and Youth helping the family out and finding them another house, they took Gilbreanie and placed her with a family. A few months later, she was killed by the foster mother, who had several complaints against her already and a record of a troubled history. Thousands of children are removed from homes a day, mostly from non-abusive parents. Why does this occur? States receive thousands of dollars for grant money which taxpayers pay from the Federal government when they put children in State Protective Services, foster care or state run facilities. They get even more money if the parental rights are terminated after 15 months. This is destroying families and our country. Innocent families cannot afford the thousand of dollars to get an attorney to defend their rights and by that time it is too late. Even if they are proved to be innocent they are forced into treatment. Devane writes, ?falsely accused families run up the National Defense Budget by 4.1 billion dollars a year? (Devane 1). The taxpayers are left to pay for this bill. What impact does this have on the kids that go through the foster care system and are abused? Children experience separation anxiety disorder, trauma, physical and sexual abuse and sometimes death. It is a scary and traumatic experience being taken away from your family and your home. To be put in a home that sometimes are classified as unfit and not healthy for children to be in. Many states are cracking down on these homes and facilities but it is not enough. California alone had last year ? 3,000 cases of foster care facility problems that were not reported to the state? (Ben Tanzer 1). Lets put a stop this abuse in foster care settings and demand to the government to enforce stricter laws. We should advocate that every state has the same standards in foster and adoptive homes. We should fight for the right to have every person gets background checks before they let children stay with them. The government should have mandatory classes that teach these parents instead of throwing kids at their door with no prior knowledge. The law states in Pennsylvania, ?only a Police Officer is allowed to remove the children from the home and put them into protective custody when their in danger? (Rutherford Institute 1 ). Many states in this country have this law, except a few like New Jersey, where they are allowed to take the children without consent of the parents. So why does Pennsylvania allow social workers to slip through the cracks or have our homes searched without probably cause? We should crack down on the government and stand up for our children. The Federal government should have more investigations on child abuse reports that occur in foster care facilities. The states should start penalizing more homes and facilities that fail to provide promised medical and health services, and not checking children in their care. They should also change their reviews on each case. The Federal law requires a six month review for each child in foster care. We should petition for them to change that review to more frequent ones. I believe this would lessen the children that are waiting for homes. We should also demand that Pennsylvania change their adoption policy to an ?open adoption?. Right now the law states, ?adoption is a closed adoption, where you have no ties and cut from your birth family? (Adam Fleming 1). Many children in foster care do not want to have permanent homes because of them loosing ties with their birth parents. Changing the laws would encourage families and the children to move into permanent homes. The goal with the foster care system is to look after the children and defend them when abuse is at hand. I believe somewhere along the line we got off track and now the government set out to help is destroying our children. Cases that involve birth parents abusing their children should be top priority and the children should be taken out. Social workers and the Federal Government should not try to intervene with parents trying to raise their kids for something they do not like.

Effect Of Nazi Propaganda On Society History Essay

Effect Of Nazi Propaganda On Society History Essay Imagine a world without TV, independent radio, internet, or mobile phones. Imagine that the only information you had was in the form of propaganda and images designed to provoke a reaction and, ultimately, a form of control over you. This was the reality of people living in Germany during the 1930s. Hitler was a destructive man, and it cannot be doubted that Nazi Germany was the most destructive political regime of the twentieth century, not only because it unleashed World war II but because of its impact on society. Hitlers propaganda in the form of images and information alone had a very profound impact on German society. After the seizure of power by the Nazis in 1933, Hitler established a Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda headed by Joseph Goebbels. The ministrys goal was to ensure that the Nazi message was successfully communicated through art, music, theater, film, books, radio, educational materials, and the press. Propaganda is the name for such materials, which is the understood systematic manipulation of an anonymous audience with the help of mass media.(Stout 12) Nazi propaganda was very successful in portraying the Germans as supermen and making Hitler seem almost godlike. What Nazi propaganda did best was make the German people think that world conquest was their destiny and possibly their duty to conquer all people who were inferior to them. It pushed the notion that they were the master race, Joseph Goebbels did a very effective job as Minister of Propaganda in many ways. Not only were posters an effective tool but also the speeches Hitler gave were very carefully orchestrated. The way he would begin the speech very calm and work himself into a frenzy by the end of it, that was a great piece of acting. For the Nazis, propaganda was not only a tool for acquiring new followers, it also took a lead role in the integration of new party members. During wartime, propaganda showed aggression to the opponents of the Nazi Party. Propaganda continuously operated in a very comprehensive sense. Adolf Hitler became the chief propagandist. In autumn 1919, he took responsibility for the propaganda work of the entire party. In 1933, Joseph Goebbels was appointed the Reich Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. Gobbels worked to make better previously developed the principles of Adolf Hitler Nazi propaganda. These basic rules he published in his book Mein Kampf. The Principles of Nazi propaganda were not original, but they fit the contemporary thought. In that same book Hitler wrote about his realization that his propaganda was not only effective but that it had the ability to convince and coerce as art. As author Alan Robbins points out in Dire Image: The Art of Persuasion Hitler was, no toriously, an artist first. In fact thousands of watercolors, oils, and drawings have been attributed to him.(Robbins 165) Now putting these ideas together we see how he was able to manipulate so well, he was a fine artist and coupled with his leadership abilities made him simply unstoppable. Hitler was no ordinary artist however but he was very devoted to it . In the Mein Kampf he even states art is the only truly enduring effort of human labor.(Hitler 215) Hitler himself said All propaganda has to be popular and has to accommodate itself to the comprehension of the least intelligent of those whom it seeks to reach. Hitler acknowledged that the images and slogans he produced to rally support needed to be easily recognized and read by everyone. They had to be simple yet powerful at the same time. This relates back to Read Schuchardts point in The Perfect Icon for the Imperfect Postliterate World and his example of the Christian icthus. Schuchardt says But to Christians the text less symbol still signified silent rebellion against the ruling authorities. Within three centuries, the faith signified by the fish had transformed Rome into a Christian empire.(Schuchardt 76) Now thinking back to Germany, we see this is the exact same situation. Hitlers propaganda and images did the same thing, allowing him to rise to power easily and without much opposition at first. His pro-Nazi symbols and posters were easily recognizable by the general popul ation and quite hard to miss. Two of the key points of a successful public propaganda event are the location and time of day. Hitler knew from his own experience that events evenings and other prestigious venues such as sports stadiums, brought the best success. The events were also supported with banners, fanfare, marching columns, flames, torches and banners. At the time people felt well cared for, connected, and thus susceptible to the propaganda messages of Hitler. A prime example of a powerful image produced by Hitler is shown in figure one below. In the poster, it is very hard not to notice the appearance of light around Hitler, almost giving him a halo. Furthermore, the presence of a winged bird lends angelic characteristics to the poster, and this is only enhanced by the presence of wreath-like flowers around the poster. We can also see what appears to be thousands of men behind Hitler holding Nazi flags presumably to show the growing support for him. The major part here is the German phrase below the picture. It means Long live Germany meaning that Hitler is planning to lead the crusade to make Germany the all powerful nation. There is also an Eagle overhead symbolizing majesty and power. Now all else aside, a person viewing that poster would associate Hitler with power and majesty which are two positive characteristics for a leader to have. We soon realize why he rose to power so quickly; it was through images like this. It is clear that certain images can have a profound effect on society. Hitler used the visual effects of poster to show that things were good in the Nazi party. He used images of himself to show the image of unity and reassurance that everything was ok and that people will be treated as a friend. This was a quite effective as the posters and leaflets were put up around the towns and cities in Germany and so the people could gather certain images and information off the Nazi party easily. We can see the overall combined effectiveness of this by looking at history, and what Hitler was able to do with the power that he was granted by using this propaganda. In the end it all comes down to one thing, an image is only effective if the person who views it interprets it as the author intended. Hitler was a very good with images and people who viewed his images interpreted them exactly the way he intended. Consequences from this can still be seen today, after all no other image in history car ries such a shock of recognition as the swastika or a pro Nazi poster. http://www.southaxholme.doncaster.sch.uk/subjects/animations/page1/main%20page/anim%20work/warposters_files/image003.jpg Figure 1